3. Planetary Characters And Description

कथितं भवता प्रेम्णा ग्रहावतरणं मुने ! ।
तेषां गुणस्वरूपाद्यं कृपया कथ्यतां पुनः ॥ १ ॥

1. Maitreya says, “O Sage you have affectionately explained about the planetary incarnations. Now kindly tell me in detail their characters and dispositions".

श्रृणु विप्र ! प्रवक्ष्यामि भग्रहाणां परिस्थितिम् ।
आकाशे यानि दृश्यन्ते ज्योतिर्बिम्बान्यनेकशः ॥ २ ॥

तेषु नक्षत्रसंज्ञानि ग्रहसंज्ञानि कानिचित् ।
तानि नक्षत्रनामानि स्थिरस्थानानि यानि वै ।। ३ ।।

2-3 Sage Parasara replies, "O Brahmin, listen to me, I shall give an account of the placement of the heavenly bodies. Out of the many luminous bodies that are seen in the heavens (skies) some are called stars, while others are termed (named) as grahas or planets. Those which have no movements and the places of which are fixed are termed as Nakshatras or asterisms.

गच्छन्तो भानि गृह्लन्ति सततं ये तु ते ग्रहाः ।
भचक्रस्य नगाश्र्व्यंशा अश्विन्यादि-समाह्वयाः ॥ ४ ॥

तद्द्वादशविभागास्तु तुल्या मेषादिसंज्ञकाः ।
प्रसिद्धा राशय: सन्ति ग्रहास्त्वर्कादिसंज्ञका ॥ ५ ॥

राशीनामुदयो लग्नं तद्वशादेव जन्मिनाम् ।
ग्रहयोग-वियोगाभ्यां फलं चिन्त्यं शुभाशुभम् ॥ ६ ॥

4-6 Those bodies that continuously move through the asterisms in the Zodiac are called grahas or planets. The said Zodiac comprises of 27 asterisms commencing from Ashwini. The same area is divided into 12 parts which, commencing from Aries are known as 'signs'. The planets have names like the Sun etc. The sign rising in the East is known as the Lagna or the Ascendant. From the condition of the Ascendant and the planets joining and departing from each other are deduced the native's good and bad effects.

संज्ञा नक्षत्रवृन्दानां ज्ञेयाः सामान्यशास्त्रतः ।
एतच्छास्त्रानुसारेण राशि-खटेफलं ब्रुवे ॥ ७ ॥

7. Details of the conceptual framework and dispositions of stars be known through general literature of astrology. Now I tell about the effects of planets and signs.

यस्मिन् काले यतः खेटा यान्ति दृग्गणितैकताम् ।
तत एव स्फुटा: कार्या: दिक्कालौ च स्फुटौ विदा ॥ ८ ॥

स्वस्वदेशोद्भवैः साध्यं लग्नं राश्युदयैः स्फुटम् ।
अथादौ वच्मि खेटानां जातिरूपगुणानहम् ॥ ९ ॥

8-9 The positions of the planets for the given time be taken as per Drikganita. And with the help of sign durations applicable to the respective places, the ascendant at birth should be known. Now I tell you about the castes, descriptions and dispositions of the planets.

अथ खेटा रविचन्द्रो मङ्गलश्च युधस्तथा ।
गुरुः शुक्रः शनी राहु केतुश्वैते यथाक्रमस् ।। १० ।।

10. The names of the nine planets respectively are : the Sun, the Moon, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, Saturn, Rahu, and Ketu.

तत्रार्क-शनि-भूपुत्राः क्षीणेन्दु-राहू-केतवः ।
कुराः शेषग्रहा सौम्याः, क्रूरः क्रूर-युतो बुधः ॥ ११ ॥

11. Among these planets, the Sun, Saturn, Mars, decreasing Moon, Rahu and Ketu, are 'malefics' and the remaining, full Moon, Mercury, Jupiter and Venus are 'benefics'. Mercury, when in conjunction with a malefic, becomes a malefic.

सर्वात्मा च दिवानाथो मनः कुमुदवान्धवः ।
सत्त्वं कुजो बुधैः प्रोक्तो बुधो वाणीप्रदायकः ॥ १२ ॥

देवेज्यो ज्ञानसुखदो भृगुर्वीर्यप्रदायकः ।
ऋषिभिः प्राक्तनैः प्रोक्तश्छायासूनुश्च दुःखदः ॥ १३ ॥

12-13. The Sun is the soul of all. The Moon is the mind. Mars is one's strength. Mercury is the speech giver while Jupiter confers knowledge and happiness. Venus governs semen (potency) while Saturn indicates grief.

चक्राणास: परीपहं पृथिव्यां हिरण्येन-मणिना शुंभमानाः । न हिन्वाना सस्ति तिरुस्त इन्द्र परिस्पर्शो अदधात् सूर्येण" सूर्येण by the sun हिरण्येन मणिना शुम्भमाना acting as a great gem of immense lustre, and moving in circular path हिन्वानास: creating all sorts of comforts पृथिव्यां परिस्पर्श अदधात् has kept the earth in its position from all sides नति तिरुः इन्द्र and does not transgress its laws (of motion etc.) This refers, of course to the pull of gravity, of the Sun that keeps the earth in its position. This is however, an astronomical statement unlocked through the key of symbology. It means that the Sun acts as the soul, the pivot and the support of all that exists. If the Sun is strong in a horoscope one will have a matured soul and will make abundant spiritual progress.

*The Moon* : As per **Jataka Parijata** Chapter 2 Sloka 1, the Moon represents 'Chitta'h'The moon is mind. Moon or mind when strong in horoscope gives life and strength as Moon acts as an ascendant and the strength of the Ascendant ensures life and strength. Besides this, “न चक्षुषा गृहीयते नापि वाचा नान्यैर्देवै तपसा कर्मणा वा ज्ञान प्रसादेन विशुद्धसत्वः ततस्तु तं पश्येत् निष्कल ध्यायमानः (**Mundak** 3-1-8) i.e. the Supreme cannot be seen with the eyes, nor can be expressed adequately in words. Nor can he be the object of experience by any of the human senses. Nor even can he be realised by austerities or action. It is only through a pure mind that the knowledge of the Self can be had by man. This means that a pure mind can reflect his glory. Such is the capacity of a pure Moon or mind. Most of the Yogas or Planetary combinations in astrology derive their value and validity through the strength of the Moon. For example, please refer to **Chandradhi Yoga** and **Gaja Keshri Yoga** etc.

Mars: Mars is strength in every field in the body, it is muscular strength. In politics it is the strength of the armed forces. In Psychology it is the strength of the intellect. That is why Mars is called 'Neta'— the General, the Military man.

Mercury: This planet is the significator of speech. What proper, witty answer is to be given to something in proper time, this is the factor of Mercury. In a horoscope if as the Lord of the Second House Mercury is strong and is aspected by a benefic, and at the same time Jupiter is also strong, then the speech, eloquence of the native impresses the intellectuals.

Jupiter: Jupiter is the permanent significator of happiness. If he is the Lord of the 4th House or aspects the Lord of the 4th House and is strong, the native leads a happy life. Jupiter is significator also of such knowledge and learning which has all comprehensiveness and wide expanse. It the Lord of the Ninth House is strong and is aspected by Jupiter or Jupiter himself as Lord of the Ninth House is strong then the native has all comprehensive knowledge.

Venus: Of all the planets Venus is the most refined one. She is the significator of semen. Semen is the most refined substance in our body. Whatever we eat and whatever is formed by it, semen is the finest of it, and Venus is the permanent significator of semen. Therefore, if the Seventh House and Venus are strong semen is strengthened. On the other hand, the reverse of it causes the weakness of semen and the native loses the ability to reproduce.

Saturn: Saturn, if he is the Lord of evil houses or is in his fall, influences the Fourth House, either by its aspect or conjunction, the native is subject to much sorrow, grief and misery in his life. The exalted Saturn is conducive to philosophical thinking and longevity.

रविचन्द्रौ तु राजानौ नेता ज्ञेयो धरात्मजः ।
बुधो राजकुमारश्च सचिवाँ गुरुभार्गवौ ॥ १४ ॥

प्रेष्यको रविपुत्रश्च सेना स्वर्भानुपुच्छकौ ।
एवं क्रमेण वै विप्र ! सूर्यादीन् प्रविचिन्तयेत् ॥ १५ ॥

14-15 Planetary Cabinet: The Sun and the Moon are of royal status and Mars is the army chief; Mercury is the prince apparent and Jupiter and Venus are the ministerial planets. Saturn is servant and Rahu and Ketu form the planetary army. O Vipra, the planets Sun etc. are to be considered in this order.

रक्तश्यामो दिवाधीशो गौरगात्रो निशाकरः ।
नात्युच्चाङ्गः कुजो रक्तो दुर्वाश्यामो बुधस्तथा ॥ १६ ॥

गौरगात्रो गुरुर्ज्ञेयः शुक्रः श्यावस्तथैव च ।
कृष्णदेहो रवे: पुत्रो ज्ञायते द्विजसत्तम ! ॥ १७ ॥

16-17 Planetary Complexions: The Sun, the Lord of the day, is blood-red, the Moon is tawny. Mars whose stature is not high is blood-red while Mercury's complexion is akin to that of grass. O Brahmin shreshtha, Jupiter, Venus and Saturn should be known as tawny, variegated and dark.

वयम्बुशिखिजा विष्णुविडौजः शचिका द्विज ! |
सूर्यादीनां खगानां च देवा ज्ञेया: क्रमेण च ।। १८ ।।

18. Planetary Deities: Fire (Agni), Water (Varuna). Kartikeya (Lord Shiva's son following Ganesh), Vishnu, Indra, Shachi (Indrani, Lord Indra's Consort) and Brahma are the presiding deities of the seven planets respectively.

क्लीवौ द्वौ सौम्यसौरी च युवतीन्दुभृगू द्विज ! |
नराः शेषाश्च विज्ञेया भानुर्भौमो गुरुस्तथा ॥ १९ ॥

19. Sex of the Planets: O Brahmin, Mercury and Saturn, these two are neuters; the Moon and Venus are females and the remaining three Sun, Mars and Jupiter are males.

अग्निभूमिनभस्तोयवायवः क्रमतो द्विज ! I
भौमादीनां ग्रहाणां च तत्त्वानीति यथाक्रमम् ॥ २० ॥

20. Primordial compounds: The five elements (the Panchbhootas), Fire, Earth, Sky (Ether) Water and Air, O Brahmin, are respectively governed by Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus and Saturn.

गुरुशुक्रौ विप्रवणौ कुजार्कौ क्षत्रियौ द्विज ! ।
शशिसोम्यौ वैश्यवर्णौ शनि: शूद्रो द्विजोत्तम ! ॥ २१ ॥

21. Planetary Castes : The Varna or Caste of Jupiter and Venus is Brahmin, and O Brahmin Sun and Mars are Kshtriyas or royal planets, while the Moon and Mercury belong to Commercial Community and Saturn belongs to the Shudra Varna.

*Bahmin*; Brahmin means Brahma knowing person that is a person who possesses knowledge and thinking of higher degree about the creator of the Universe, Brahma, and; who has acquired the state of fully enlightened one. There is the word 'विप्र 'Vipra' for a Brahmin in Sanskrit which means 'a pure one'. A Vipra is one who has devoted and entrusted his life to the Almighty. Brahmin loves knowledge, studying and teaching are his actions. Therefore, the original sources of knowledge is Brahmin. Outside India, where there are no castes, Jupiter and Venus represent those persons who are priests, intellectuals in true sense, who are engaged in inventing new things for the benefit of humanity and who lead a pure life. These qualities arise in a person when in his horoscope Venus and Jupiter are in their exaltation. Brahmin is endowed with Sattvika qualities.

*Kshatriya* (क्षत्रिय), the Royal Caste: षत्रिय (Kshtriya) means one who defends, that is those persons who are soldiers and whose function is the internal and external defence of their country and who are capable of punishing the wrong doers. All such persons will be called kshatriya, in Astrology, they are represented by Mars and Sun. In Kshatriya there is the predominance of the Rajsika quality.

*Vaishya*, the commercial community. The Vaishyas are those whose main function is to excute trade and agriculture. A verse in Sanskrit says, "विशुत्याशु पशुभ्यश्च कृष्यादावरुचिः शुचि, वेदाध्ययन सम्पन्नः स वैश्य ईति संज्ञित:" that is, the person who has interest in trade, rearing cattle and doing argicultural work, who is pure and is well read in the Vedas etc. is named as a Vaishya. Thus, all other persons that are engaged in the work of feeding the world are called Vaishyas. The Moon and Mercury are Vaishya by varna or caste and govern Vaishyas or the people of the commercial class.

शूद्र Shudres the Serving Community. Whoever has the instinct or sense of serving others in an eminent degree and who is content in serving others, is shudra. Besides service-loving persons, the flattering and the persons engaged in low level activities also belong to this caste. The representative of such persons is Saturn.

In books on Mundane Astrology it has been pointed out that when a particular planet is debilitated specially and is oppressed, it brings calamity to the persons of that community whose representative he is. The planets have influence on the horoscope also in the same manner. Thus when in a horoscope Jupiter and Venus are strong and the Ascendant is also influenced by them, the native gets in him the rising or boosting of qualities associated with Brahmins. The same rule is to be applied with regard to other Varnas or castes.

जीवसूर्यन्दवः सत्त्वं बुध-शुक्रौ रजस्तथा ।
सूर्यपुत्र-धरापुत्रौ तमः-प्राकृतिकौ द्विज ! ॥ २२ ॥

22. O Brahmin, the luminaries, (the Sun and the Moon) and Jupiter are Sattwika Planets, Venus and Mercury are Rajsikas; while Mars and Saturn are Tamsika ones.

*Rajsika*: Persons endowed with or having the predominance of Rajo guna are called Rajsika. This tendency is the offspring of desires, longings and attachment with the worldly things. The predominance of this tendency increases the desire of bhogas (or Consumption) and man's efforts are directed towards the attainment of these things. When a Rajoguni gives alms he has also a desire that its effects (फल) should come to him manifolded (in increased amount). Avarice and appetite for worldly things are born of Rajoguna. When in a person's body, having suppressed the qualities of Sattwa and Tamoguna, Rajo guna performs its function in the body, mind, soul and senses of the person concerned, have the longing or keen desire of enjoying worldly things and sexual intercourse and are inclined towards doing varied things and there is in them frivolousness, absence of peace and avarice etc. The desire of wealth and riches is avarice due to which a person is always engaged in or occupied with, thinking and planning of the ways of increasing his wealth. When engaged in earning wealth he gives up the sense of the righteous and the wicked, the moral and the immoral and has the desire of having possession even over the things of others. He feels the need of various kinds of Bhogas and there is the rise in his mind of the feelings of performing various kinds of deeds. His mind becomes unstable and frivolous and then there is the beginning of actions in conformity with these feelings.

*Tamsika* : Persons having the predominance of Tamoguna are called Tamsika. Causing absence of consciousness in the soul and senses and the breeding of attachment in them is the main function of Tamoguna. Tamoguna increases darkness of the intellect which in its turn increases Tamoguna. Tamoguni (man with Tamoguna) suffers the deterioration of the ability to distinguish between what should be done and what should not be done. There is an increase of sleep, indolence lack of light (of the intellect) and Apravriti (अप्रवृत्ति) (lack of the desire of doing the righteous deed, nay, the lack of the desire of beginning it, is called Apravriti). When a person begins to neglect his duty, his mind gets enamoured of things, he does not have the memory of the things, he begins to remain indolent, he has the absence of the power of judging things and, he lacks the power of understanding a thing, then it is to be understood that there is an increase in him of the Tamoguna.

If, in a horoscope, the luminaries, (the Sun and Moon) and Jupiter are strong, the native has the beginning of Sattwika gunas in ample measure. In the Dasas or periods of these planets there is special increase of the Sattwika tendencies. The Rajsika tendencies are increased by the strength of Mercury and Venus and the tendencies that are Tamsika is the function of Mars and Saturn. In the respective Dasas or periods of Rajsika or Tamsika planets the native gets the enhancement of Rajsika and Tamsika gunas respectively.

Description of the Planets :

मधुपिङ्गलदक्सूर्यश्चतुरस्त्रः शुचिर्द्विज ! ।
पित्तप्रकृतिको धीमान् पुमानल्पकचो द्विज ! ॥ २३ ॥

23. Description of the Sun The Sun has honey coloured eyes, square body, he is of clean habits, is bilious, intelligent, manly and has limited hair on his head.

बहुवातकफ: प्राज्ञश्चन्द्रो वृत्ततनुर्द्विज !|
शुभदङ्मधुवाक्यश्च चञ्चलो मदनातुरः ॥ २४ ॥

24. Description of the Moon : O Brahmin, the Moon is very windy and phlegmatic. She has round body and is learned. She has auspicious looks and sweet speech, is fickleminded and very lustful.

करो रक्तेक्षणो भौमश्चपलोदारमूर्तिकः ।
पित्तप्रकृतिक: क्रोधी कृशमध्यतनुर्द्विज ! ॥ २५ ॥

25. Description of Mars: O Brahmin, Mars is Cruel, has bloodred eyes, is fickleminded, liberal hearted, bilious and has thin waist and thin physique.

वपुः श्रेष्ठः श्लिष्टवाक् च ह्यतिहास्यरुचिर्बुधः ।
पित्तवान् कफवान् विप्र ! मारुतप्रकृतिस्तथा ॥ २६ ॥

26. Description of Mercury : O Vipra, Mercury possesses an attractive physique and the ability to make pun or to speak words having double meaning, sense of humour. He has a blend of all three humours of Bile, Phlegm and wind (vaat).

बृहद्गात्रो गुरुश्चैव पिङ्गलो मूर्द्धजेक्षणैः ।
कफप्रकृतिको धीमान् सर्वशास्त्रविशारदः ॥ २७ ॥

27. Description of Jupiter : Jupiter is large bodied, has honey coloured eyes, and hair, is phlegmatic intelligent and learned in all Shastras (classics).

सुखी कान्तवपुः श्रेष्ठः सुलोचनो भृगो सुतः ।
काव्यकर्ता कफाधिक्योऽनिलात्मा वक्रमूर्धजः ॥ २८ ॥

28. Description of Venus : O Bhrigusut (the son of Bhrigu) ! Venus is joyful, charming in physique, has beautiful brilliant eyes, is a poet, is phlegmatic and windy and has curly hair.

कृशदीर्घतनुः शौरिः पिङ्गदृश्यनिलात्मकः ।
स्थूलदन्तोऽलस: पंगु खररोमकचो द्विज ॥ २९ ॥

29. Description of Saturn : O Brahmin, Saturn has an emaciated and long physique, honey coloured eyes, is windy in temperament, has big teeth, is indolent, lame and has coarse, rough hair.

धूम्राकारो नीलतनुर्वनस्थोऽपि भयंकरः ।
वातप्रकृतिको धीमान् स्वर्भानुस्तत्समः शिखी ॥ ३० ॥

30. Description of Rahu and Ketu: Rahu has smoke like blue body, lives in forests and is horrible. He is windy in temperament and is intelligent. Like Rahu is Ketu.

अस्थि रक्तस्तथा मज्जा त्वग् वसा च ।
स्नायुरेषामधीशाश्च क्रमात् सूर्यादयो वीर्यमेव द्विज ! ॥ ३१ ॥

31. Primary Ingredients: Bones, blood, marrow, skin, fat, semen and muscles are the primary ingredients, O Brahmin, and the lords of these are respectively the Sun and the other planets.

देवालयजलं वन्हिक्रीडादीनां तथैव च ।
कोशशय्योत्कराणां तु नाथा: सूर्यादयः क्रमात् ।। ३२ ।।

32. Planetary Abodes: Temple, watery place, place of fire, sport ground, treasure house, bed room and spot for filth - the lords of these are respectively the seven planets from the Sun onward.

अयनक्षणवारर्तुमासपक्षसमा द्विज ! |
सूर्यादीनां क्रमाज्ज्ञेया निर्विशक द्विजोत्तम ! ॥ ३३ ॥

33.Planetary Periods : Ayana, Muhurtha, a day (day and night) Ritu, month, fortnight and year-O excellent Brahmin, these are the periods allotted to the planets respectively from the Sun onward to Saturn.

2. When the Sun remains in six signs beginning from the sign Cancer this is called Dakshinayana. It is called Yamyayana यांयायन also.

Saumayayana is the day of the Gods and Yamyayana is that of the Asuras. All auspicious actions are to be done during Saumayayana. In the period of Saumayayana the Sun has bright and pure rays and is auspicious. During the period of Yamyayana he becomes weak due the Sun's defective rays. In this period the movement of the Sun is towards the South. The Lord of Ayana is the Sun.

Muhurtha One Muhurtha is of 2 gharis or 48 Minutes (1Ghari = 24 Minutes) some writers, out of illusion, have divided day duration into 15 parts and one part is regarded as Muhurtha. This has become a blind tradition and it is a very fatal tendency. This has been done by the religious essayists because, due to their ignorance of the mathematics of Time, they have made 15 divisions of the day duration and and have made Kutuya and Rantiya etc Muhurthas. This is clearly unreasonable, because on our Earth, day duration goes on getting lesser or greater. What arrangement will these essayists make at such places. Therefore, the muhurtha must be regarded as a period of 2 gharis. The Lord of Muhurtha is the Moon,

Ahoratra (Day and Night). Duration of a day and a night is termed as Ahoratra i.e. 24 hrs or 60 gharis make an Ahoratra. Its Lord is Mars.

Ritu (Seasons) The Ritus are six

Therefore, Ritu is of about two months, because Ritu is the time taken by the Sun in crossing two signs. The Lord of Ritu is Mercury.

**Masa :**The time from one sunrise to another sunrise is called one sawan day. In the same way 30 sawan days make one Sawan Masa. Its Lord is Mercury.

Paksha: Paksha is equal to the half of the Sawan Masa. From Shukla Pratipada (the first day of the Moon rise) to Amavasya tithi - this period is called one Lunar Month. In one Lunar month the Moon completes her one rotation in all the 27 Nakshatras. One lunar month has two Pakshas Shukla and Krishna. From the Pratipada of Shukla Paksha to its Pauranmashi (Full Moon) remains the Shukla paksha and from (Pratipada of the Krishna paksha) to Amavasya remains the Krishna paksha. The Lord of the Paksha is Venus.

Varsha : It is quite obvious what Varsha is. Its Lord is Saturn.

The use of these time periods of the planets may be made in Horary Astrology (प्रश्न ज्योतिष) and in Dasha and Antardasha of the planets. These may be related to the maturity of the occurrence of an event. For example, if the planet, Sun is a factor in the occurrence of an event, then the fruitation of that event will occur in or with in 6 months. We ourselves make use of these time periods as per method of **Astrological Magazine**. Thus, first the lagan and navamamsh of the prashna samaya (Hora) is determined. From the Navamamsh Lagna is found out by counting the situation in House of Navamamsh pati. This number will give the number of the Ayana. Now, suppose the Sun is Navamamsh pati and the Sun is in the third house from Navamamsh then the success with regard to the question will be got after 3 Ayanas or within 3 Ayanas (180 days).

कटु - क्षार - तिक्त - मिश्र - मधुराम्ल - कषायकाः ।
क्रमेण सर्वे विज्ञेया: सूर्यादीनां रसा इति ॥ ३४ ॥

34. Planetary Tastes: Pungent, saline, bitter, mixed, sweet, aciduous and astringent should be known as the tastes of the planets respectively from the Sun onward.

बुधेज्यौ बलिनौ पूर्वे रवि-भौमौ च दक्षिणे ।
पश्चिमे सूर्यपुत्रश्च सित-चन्द्रौ तथोत्तरे ॥ ३५ ॥

निशायां बलिनश्चन्द्र-कुज-सौरा भवन्ति हि ।
सर्वदा ज्ञेयो बली ज्ञेयो दिने शेषा द्विजोत्तम! ॥ ३६ ॥

कृष्णे च बलिनः क्रूराः सौम्या वीर्ययुताः सिते ।
सौम्यायने सौम्यखेटो बली याम्मायनेऽपरः ॥ ३७ ॥

वर्षमासाहहोराणां पतंयो बलिनस्तथा ।
शमंबुगुशुचंराद्या वृद्धितो वीर्यवत्तराः ॥ ३८ ॥

35-38. Planetary strengths : Mercury and Jupiter are strong in the East ,the Sun and Mars are so in the South, Saturn in West while the Moon and Venus have strength in the North. And O Brahmin Shrestha! the Moon, Mars and Saturn are endowed with strength during night, whereas Mercury is strong during both day and night. The rest (i.e. the Sun, Venus and Juptier) are strong only in day time. During Krishna Paksha (the dark half of the Month) the malefics are strong. While the benefics acquire strength in the Shuklapaksha (the bright half of the month). And during Saumayayana are strong the benefics while the malefics are so in Yamayayana. The lords of the year, month, day and hora (planetary hour) are stronger than the other in ascending order. Again Saturn, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, the Moon and the Sun are also stronger than the other in the ascending order.

सूर्यो जनयति स्थूलान् दुर्भगान् सूर्यपुत्रकः ।
क्षीरोपेतांस्तथा चन्द्रः कटुकाद्यान् धरासुतः ॥ ३९ ॥

पुष्पवृक्ष भूगोः पुत्रो गुरु-ज्ञौ सफलाफलौ ।
नीरसान् सूर्यपुत्रश्च एवं ज्ञेयाः खगा द्विज! ॥ ४० ॥

39-40 Relation of the Planets to Trees : The Sun rules the growth of the strong, tall trees having stout trunks, Saturn, useless thorny trees, the Moon milky trees (like rubber yielding trees), Mars bitter ones (like lemon plants), Bhriguputra Venus floral plants, Jupiter fruitful ones and, O Brahmin, Mercury is to be known as governing the growth of fruitless ones.

राहुश्चाण्डालजातिश्च केतुर्जात्यन्तरस्तथा ।
शिखिस्वर्भानुमन्दानां वल्मीकं स्थानमुच्यते ॥ ४१ ॥

चित्रकन्या फणीन्द्रस्य केतोश्छिद्रयुतो द्विज! |
सीसं राहोर्नीलमणिः केतोर्जेयो द्विजोत्तम् ! ॥ ४२ ॥

गुरोः पीताम्बरं विप्र ! भृगोः क्षौमं तथैव च।
रक्तक्षौमं भास्करस्य इन्दोः क्षौमं सितं द्विज! ॥ ४३ ॥

बुधस्य कृष्णक्षीमं तु रक्तवस्त्रं कुजस्य च ।
वस्त्रं चित्रं शर्नेविप्र ! पट्टवस्त्रं तथैव च ॥ ४४ ॥

41-44 Other Matters : (Caste, Cloth, Metal etc.) 0 Brahmin, Rahu is of the outcaste while Ketu is of mixed caste. Ketu, Rahu and Saturn have their place as anthills. The clothes of Rahu are multicoloured and those of Ketu are rags. (Clothes having holes). The metals of Rahu and Ketu are respectively lead and blue gem. And O Vipra, Jupiter has Saffron, Venus Silken the Sun red silken, the Moon white silken, Mercury black silken, Mars red and Saturn multicoloured robes.

भृगोर्ऋतुर्वसन्तश्च कुजभान्वोश्च ग्रीष्मकः ।
चन्द्रस्य वर्षा विज्ञेया: शरच्चैव तथा विदः ॥ ४५ ॥

हेमन्तोऽपि गुरोर्ज्ञेयः शनेस्तु शिशिरो द्विज! ।
अष्टौ मासाश्व स्वर्भानो: केतोर्मासत्रयं द्विज! ॥ ४६ ॥

45-46 Planetary Seasons: The Season of Venus is Basant, of Mars and the Sun Greesham, of the Moon Varsha, of Mercury Sharad, of Jupiter Hemant and of Saturn Shishir. And O Dwija (Brahmin) Rahu has 8 Months while Ketu 3 Months.

राह्वारपंगुचन्द्राश्च विज्ञेया धातुखेचराः ।
मूलग्रहो सूर्यशुक्रौ अपरा जीवसंज्ञकाः ॥ ४७ ॥

47. Dhatu, Moola and Jeeva Divisions: Rahu, Mars and Saturn and the Moon are lords of Dhatu, the Sun and Venus of Moola. While the remaining planets Mercury, Jupiter and Ketu rule over Jeevas.

ग्रहेषु मन्दो वृद्धोऽस्ति आयुर्वृद्धिप्रदायकः ।
नैसर्गिक बहुसमान् ददाति द्विजसत्तम! ॥ ४८ ॥

48. Of all the planets Saturn is the eldest. But he is the bestower of, O Dwijasattam (Excellent Brahmin) of greater number of years of life in Naisargika Dasha.

मेषो वृषो मृगः कन्या कर्को मीनस्तथा तुला |
सूर्यादीनां क्रमादेते कथिता उच्चराशयः ॥ ४९ ॥

भागा दश त्रयोऽष्टाश्व्यस्तिथ्योऽक्षा भमिता नखाः ।
उच्चात् सप्तमर्भ नीचं तैरेवांश: प्रकीर्तितम् ॥ ५० ॥

49-50. Exaltation and Debilitation of Planets: Aries, Taurus, Capricorn, Virgo, Cancer, Pisces and Libra have been spoken of, respectively from the Sun on, as the signs of exaltation of the seven planets. The deepest exaltation degrees in these planets are respectively 10, 3, 28, 15, 5, 27 and 20. And in the 7th sign from the said exaltation sign each planet has its debilitation to the same degrees.

रवे: सिंहे नखांशाश्च त्रिकोणमपरे स्वभम् ।
उच्चमिन्दोर्वृषे त्र्यंशास्त्रिकोणमपरेऽशकाः ॥ ५१ ॥

मेषेऽकशास्तु भीमस्य त्रिकोणमपरे स्वभम् ।
उच्चं बुधस्य कन्यायामुक्तं पञ्चदशांशकाः ॥ ५२ ॥

ततः पञ्चांशका प्रोक्तं त्रिकोणमपरे स्वभम् ।
चापे दशांशा जीवस्य त्रिकोणमपरे स्वभम् ॥ ५३ ॥

तुले शुक्रस्य तिथ्यंशास्त्रिकोणममरे स्वभम् ।
शनेः कुम्भे नखांशाश्व त्रिकोणमपरे स्वभम् ॥ ५४ ॥

51-54. The Mool Trikona Signs of Planets: In the sign Leo the first 20 degrees are the Sun's Mooltrikona while the rest portion is called his own house. In the same way in Taurus sign the first 3. degrees are the Moon's exaltation portion and the rest is her Mooltrikona. In Aries, the first 12 degrees are the Mooltrikona of Mars and the rest portion is his own house. For Mercury, in Virgo the first 15 degrees form his exaltation zone, the next 5 his Mooltrikona and the last 10 his own house. In the sign Sagittarius, the first 10 degrees are Jupiter's Mooltrikona and the rest, his own house. In the sign, Libra the first 15 degrees are Venus's Mooltrikona the rest his own house and Saturn has his Mooltrikona in the sign Aquarius upto 20 degrees and in the rest his own house.

त्रिकोणात् स्वात्-सुख-स्वान्त्यधीधर्मायुः स्वतुङ्गयाः ।
सुहृदो रिपवश्चान्ये समाश्चोभयलक्षणाः ॥ ५५ ॥

55. Natural Relationships: The lords of the signs which are the 4th, 2nd, 12th, 5th, 9th and the 8th from the Mooltrikona sign of a planet and the Lords of the exalted sign of each planet are the friend of a particular planet. Lords of the signs other than these are his enemies. The planets which have got the features of both (of a friend and of an enemy) are neutral to the said planet. These should be taken as the natural relationships of the planets.

दशबन्ध्वाय सहज स्वान्त्यस्थास्ते परस्परम् |
तत्काले मित्रतां यान्ति रिपवोऽन्यत्र संस्थिताः ।।५६ ।।

56. Temporary Relationship or Horoscopic Relationships: The planets Sun etc. situated in the 10th, 4th, 11th, 3rd, 2nd or the 12th from another are mutual friends (or friends to that planet). If they are situated in other than these places they act as his enemies.

तत्काले च निसर्गे च मित्रं चेदधिमित्रकम् ।
मित्रं मित्रसमत्वे तु शत्रु: शत्रुसमत्वके ॥ ५७ ॥

समो मित्ररिपुत्वे तु शत्रुत्वे त्वधिशत्रुता |
एवं विविच्य दैवज्ञो जातकस्य फलं वदेत् ॥ ५८ ॥

57-58 Compound Relationship: The planet who is friendly both naturally and temporarily, is called extremely friendly. On the other hand, if he is friendly in one place and neutral in another he is friendly. If he is enemy in one place and neutral in another, he is enemy: If he is enemy in both ways he has extreme enmity with the planet concerned. The astrologer should predict the effects of the native after considering the reltionship in this way.

स्वोच्चे शुभं फलं पूर्ण त्रिकोणे पादवर्जितम् ।
स्वक्षेऽर्ध मित्रगेहे तु पादमात्रं प्रकीर्तितम् ॥ ५९ ॥

पादार्थ समभे प्रोक्तं शून्यं नीचास्शत्रु |
तद्वद्दुष्टफलं बूयाद् व्यत्ययेन विचक्षणः ॥ ६० ॥

59-60 Ratio of Effects: When in his exaltation, a planet gives fully good effects, in his Mool Trikona sign, three fourth or 75%, in his own sign half or 50%, in his friendly sign one fourth or 25%, in the sign of his neutral planet half of one fourth or 12.5% and when he is in his fall, or is set or is in enemy house, it should be predicted by the wise astrologer that his effects are nil. Inauspicious effects are quite reverse with reference to these houses.

त्र्यंशाढय्विश्वभागैश्व चतुर्भे: सहितो रविः ।
घूमो नाम महादोषः सर्वकर्मविनाशकः ॥ ६१ ॥

घूमो मण्डलतः शुद्धो व्यतीपातोऽत्र दोषदः ।
सषड्भोऽत्र व्यतीपातः परिवेषोऽतिदोषकृत् ॥ ६२ ॥

परिवेषश्च्युतश्चक्रादिन्द्रचापस्तु दोषदः ।
वित्र्यंशात्यष्टिभागाढयश्चापः केतुखगोऽशुभः ॥ ६३ ॥

एकराशियुतः केतुः सूर्यतुल्यः प्रजायते ।
अप्रकाशग्रहाश्चैते पापा दोषप्रदाः स्मृताः ॥ ६४ ॥

61-64 Non-Luminous Upagrahas: (Sub planets) From the addition of 4 signs 13 degrees and 20 kalas (minutes) to the Sun's longitude at the moment of birth is obtained the all inauspicious Dhooma. When Dhooma is reduced from 12 signs we arrive at Vyatipata which is also inauspicious. By adding 6 signs to Vyatipata is known the exact position of Parivesha which is extremely inauspicious. And the deduction of Parivesha from 12 signs gives the exact position of Indra chapa. When 16 degrees 40 minutes are added to Indra chapa we arrive at the position of Ketu. And when 1 sign is added to Ketu we arrive at the longitude of the Sun at the time of birth. All these planets are known as planets devoid of splendour, they are malefics and cause affliction.

सूर्येन्दुलग्नगेष्वेषु वंशायुर्ज्ञाननाशनम् ।
इति धूमादिदोषाणं स्थितिः पद्मासनोदिता ॥ ६५ ॥

65. Effects of Luminous Upgrahas: If these 5 non-luminous Upgrahas, Dhooma and others combine with the Sun and the Moon or are situated in the Ascendant they destroy respectively the natives dynasty, longevity and wisdom. It is in this way that Lord Brahma, the Lotus born has stated their position.

रविवारादिशन्यन्तं गुलिकादि निरुप्यते ।
दिवसानष्टधा भक्त्वा वारेशाद् गणेयत् क्रमात् ॥ ६६ ॥

अष्टमोंऽशो निरीश: स्याच्छन्यंशो गुलिकः स्मृतः ।
रात्रिमप्यष्टधा कृत्वा वारेशात् पञ्चमादितः ॥ ६७ ॥

गणवेदष्टमः खण्डो निष्यतिः परिकीर्तितः ।
शन्यशो गुलिकः प्रोक्तो रव्यंशः कालसंज्ञकः ॥ ६८ ॥

भौमाशो मृत्युरादिष्टो गुवंशो यमघण्टकः ।
सोम्यांशोऽर्धप्रहरक: स्वस्वदेशोद्भवः स्फुटः ॥ ६९ ॥

66-69. Calculation of Gulika etc.: From the Sun etc. up to Saturn is determined the periods of Gulika and others. Day duration divided by 8 gives the seven planets commencing from the Varesh (the day on which Gulika and others are to be considered) onwards. The 8th portion is lordless. The portion ruled over by Saturn is termed (called) as Gulika. Similarly, the night duration, when divided by 8 gives the portions of the seven planets commencing with the 5th House from the Varesh (the week day on which gulika etc. are to be considered). Here also the 8th portion is Lordless. and Saturn's portion is Gulika, Sun's Kalvela, Mars Mrityu, Jupiter's Yamaghantaka and Mercury's Ardhaprahara.

गुलिकेष्टवशाल्लग्नं स्फुटं यत् स्वस्वदेशजम् ।
गुलिकं प्रोच्यते तस्माज्जातकस्य फलं वदेत् ॥ ७० ॥

70. Gulika's position : The degree ascending at the time of Gulika's portion will be the longitude of Gulika at a given place. From this longitude of Gulika are to be estimated the effects of a particular nativity.

Generally learned astrologers are of the view that Gulika and Mandi are one and identical. But according to **'Sarvartha Chintamani'** these are different. Gulika is called (शनीपुत्र) (offspring of Saturn) while Mandi मान्दि is called 'यमपुत्र' (offspring of Yama). There is a verse to this effect 'शने सतुस्यादगुलिकोथ मान्दि यमाऽत्यजऽप्राण हारोतिपापी' Here Mandi has been spoken of as yamatmaja (Yama's son) Pranhara (Destroyer of Prana or being) and Atipapi (extremely malefic.) Like Gulika, he is also an imaginary or a shadowy planet. The method of knowing him is as below. The Dhruvanka of Ravi has been regarded as 26, of Moon as 22, of Mars 18, of Mercury 14, of Jupiter 10, of Venus 6, and of Saturn 2. The Dinmana or day duration of that day the Mandi of which is to estimated is multiplied by the Dhruvanka of that day and then the obtained number is divided by 30, that which is arrived at in this day is the Ishta (Time) of Mandi. If the ascendant is known at this time, that will be the Mandi Lagna, (Mandi Ascendant).

In 'Phala Deepika', a famous book from the South, there is stated that the Dhruvanka of the Mandi of the night time will begin from the 5th day of the day of birth, that is, if the birth is in the night of Sunday, the Dhruvanka will be taken as the 5th from the Sun and thus it will be 10th.

Mandi Dhruvanka:

The Tamil Version of JataKalanKaram indicates the signs of Exaltation and Debilitation and the own signs of these Upagrahas (Subplanets). These are :

भांशपादसमैः प्राणैश्चराद्यर्कत्रिकोणभात् ।
उदयादिष्ट कालान्तं यदर्भ प्राणपदं हि तत् ॥ ७१ ॥

स्वेष्टकाल पलीकृत्य तिथ्याप्तं भादिकं च यत् ।
चरागद्विभसंस्थेक भानौ युङ् नवमे सुते ॥ ७२ ॥

स्फुटं प्राणपदाख्यं तल्लग्न ज्ञेयं द्विजोत्तम ।
लग्नाद् द्विकोणे तुर्ये च राज्ये प्राणपदं तदा ॥ ७३ ॥

शुभं जन्म विजानीयात्तथैवैकादशेऽपि च ।
अन्यस्थाने स्थितं चेत् स्यात् तदा जन्माशुभं वदेत् ॥ ७४ ॥

71-74. Calculation of Pranapada: From the Pramana (Mana) of the 1/4th part of 36° or 90 or 15 pala, if the Sun is situated in movable sign etc, from the Sun to the signs in the order of Trikona (1.5.9 Houses) from the sunrise to the Ishta Kala, that Lagna is called Pranapada.

Convert the time from the sunrise to the Janameshta Kala (to the time of birth) into palas and divide it by 15. The resultant sign etc, if the Sun is in movable sign, be added to the Sun and that which is yielded is called Pranapada. If the Sun be in a fixed sign then in the 9th sign from that (i.e. by adding 8 signs to the already obtained Pranapada), and if he be in a dual sign, then in the 5th sign from that (or by adding 4 to the already obtained Pranapada) is yielded Pranapada.

If the Pranapada happens to fall in the 2nd, 5, 9, 4, 10 and 11th from the Natal Ascendant, then the birth will be auspicious and the native should be understood as a happy one, otherwise his birth is to be understood as inauspicious.