Week 5 · Unit 3 · Strength, Karakas and Interpretive Tools
Milestone 3 of 5: Three tools that change what a house means
Padas, Upapada, and Argala
Three tools that change what a house means — the visible reflection of a house, the marriage indicator, and the hardest technique in Volume 1.
Assumes you have done: Week 4's lordship map — all three techniques are built on lordship
Why this matters
These three chapters are short and they punch far above their word count. Upapada is perhaps eight hundred words and Week 13's marriage questions lean on it more heavily than on anything else. Argala is genuinely difficult and is taught badly almost everywhere, usually because the obstruction half gets dropped. And the Pada idea underneath both is one of the more elegant things in the book.
Learn
Three short chapters, and between them they add a genuinely new layer to chart reading.
Padas — what a house looks like from outside
The calculation first, because it is simple and people get the exceptions wrong.
Take a house. Find its lord. Count how many signs the lord is from the house. Now count that same number again, starting from the lord. Where you land is the house’s Pada, also called its Ārūḍha.
If the 4th house is Libra and its lord Venus sits in Capricorn, that is four signs from Libra. Count four signs from Capricorn and you land on Aries. Aries is the Pada of the 4th.
Two exceptions, from verses 4 and 5, and they are not optional:
- The Pada can never be the house itself. If the calculation lands there, take the 10th from it instead.
- The Pada can never be the 7th from the house. If it lands there, take the 4th from the original house instead.
Both exceptions exist because those two results carry no information — a Pada identical to its house tells you nothing the house did not already say, and one directly opposite is similarly degenerate.
Now the concept, which is more interesting than the arithmetic. Ārūḍha means something mounted or projected. The house is what a matter genuinely is; the Pada is how it appears — what other people see, what circumstances present, the image the matter casts.
A strong house with an afflicted Pada describes something real that does not show. An afflicted house with a well-supported Pada describes an appearance better than the substance. Both are recognisable in real lives, and neither can be expressed by reading the house alone.
Upapada — small chapter, large in practice
The Ārūḍha Lagna is the Pada of the 1st house — how the person appears.
The Upapada is the Pada of the 2nd house, and Chapter 32 is about it.
Here is the thing to get right, because it is the part most often garbled: the reading is taken from the 2nd house from the Upapada, not from the Upapada itself. Verse 6 onward is almost entirely about that house — what occupies it, what aspects it, and the condition of its lord.
Benefics there, or benefic aspect, or a benefic sign: happiness from wife and children. Malefics there: difficulty, and verses 16 to 22 get specific about which malefic indicates what.
Verse 23 adds that the same effects can be read from the 7th counted from the Lagna, from the Pada, and from the Upapada — and attributes that extension to the Sages Nārada etc. Small thing, worth catching: Parashara is reporting there rather than asserting.
Argala — the difficult one
Argala means a bolt or a bar — the thing that intervenes.
Formation. A planet in the 4th, 2nd or 11th from a house or planet causes Argala on it. That planet intervenes in the matter, for good or ill depending on what it is.
Obstruction. A planet in the 10th, 12th or 3rd respectively obstructs that Argala. The 10th obstructs the 4th’s Argala, the 12th obstructs the 2nd’s, the 3rd obstructs the 11th’s.
Look at the geometry, because it makes the pairs memorable. Each obstructing house is the 7th from its corresponding Argala house. The 10th is the 7th from the 4th. The 12th is the 7th from the 2nd. The 3rd is the 7th from the 11th. The obstruction always looks straight back at the intervention.
You have now met this architecture four times: Chapter 11’s Ariṣṭa cancelled by Chapter 12, Chapter 26’s lordship cells carrying their own conditionals, Chapter 9’s aspects graded rather than binary, and now Argala checked by obstruction. Week 6 will do it again with the Yoga Kārakas, which is the most consequential instance of all.
Verse 10 adds a refinement worth noting: an Argala from a planet in the first quarter of a sign, and one from the second quarter, are countered by the obstructing planet. So position within the sign matters here too, which is a further reason this is a technique for charts with reliable birth data.
And verse 18 gives the payoff case: unobstructed Argala on the Lagna, the 5th and the 9th — the three Trikoṇas — and Parashara says the native becomes a king. Note the word unobstructed. It is doing all the work in that sentence.
What these three add
Houses tell you what a matter is. Lords tell you where it gets worked out. Strength tells you how much force is behind it.
These three add: how the matter appears (Pada), a second independent route to partnership (Upapada), and what is intervening in it and whether the intervention gets through (Argala).
Two units left in the week, and both are more enjoyable than this one.
Read BPHS
This is the source itself. The teaching above prepares you for it; it does not replace it.
Show the full passage — 21 verses, 3 diagrams
कथयाम्यथ भावानां खेटानां च पदं द्विज ! |
तद्विशेषफलं ज्ञातुं यथोक्तं प्राङ्महर्षिभिः ॥ १ ॥
लग्नाद् यावतिथे राशौ तिष्ठेल्लग्नेश्वरः क्रमात् ।
ततस्तावतिथे राशौ लग्नस्य पदमुच्यते ॥ २ ॥
सर्वेषामपि भावानां ज्ञेयमेवं पदं द्विज ! |
तनुभावपदं तत्र बुधा मुख्यपदं विदुः ॥ ३ ॥
1-3. METHOD OF PADA CALCULATIONS: O Brahmin, in order to know the special effects of the Houses I now speak of the Padas (or Arudhas) of the Houses and the planets as they have been described by the earlier great Sages. If as many signs from the Ascendent Lord as he is away from the Ascendant House are counted, the sign that is arrived at is called the Pada or Arudha of the Ascendant. O Brahmin, the Padas of other Houses should be known in the above manner. In all these Padas it is the Pada of the Ascendant that is known by the Learned as the main Pada.
- Vikrama or Bhratra Pada-Arudha of the 3rd House
- Mantra or Sukha Pada-Arudha of the 4th House
- Mantra or Putra Pada-Arudha of the 5th House
- Roga or Shatru Pada-Arudha of the 6th House
- Kama or Kalatra Pada-Arudha of the 7th House
- Mrityu Pada-Arudha of the 8th House
- Pitra Pada-Arudha of the 9th House
- Karma Pada-Arudha of the 10th House
- Laabha Pada-Arudha of the 11th House
- Vyaya Pada-Arudha of the 12th House
स्वस्थानं सप्तमं नैवं पदं भवितुमर्हति ।
तस्मिन् पदत्वे विज्ञेयं मध्यं, तुर्यं क्रमात् पदम् ॥ ४ ॥
यथा तुर्यस्थिते नाथे तुर्यमेव पदं भवेत् ।
सप्तमे च स्थिते नाथे विज्ञेयं दशमं पदम् ॥ ५ ॥
4-5 SPECIAL EXCEPTIONS: In this way the same house or the 7th House from it cannot become its Pada. Therefore when the Pada happens to be the sign's own House, the 10th House there from be treated as its Pada and, when the 7th house from it be the Pada, the 4th House from the original one in question be treated as its Pada. If the Lord of a House be in the 4th House from it, then the very House occupied by him be regarded as the Pada.
यस्माद् यावतिथे राशौ खेटात् खेटात् तद्भवनं द्विज ! |
ततस्तावतिथं राशि खेटारूढं प्रचक्षते ॥ ६ ॥
द्विनाथद्विभयोरेवं विज्ञेयं सबलावधि ।
विगणय्य पदं विप्र ! ततस्तस्य फलं वदेत् ॥ ७ ॥
6-7.PADA FOR PLANETS: O Brahmin, in the same way, as far away from the planet is his own sign, the house so far there from is to be taken as the Pada or Arudha of the planet concerned. If a planet owns two signs or if a sign is owned by 2 planets, then, O Vipra (Brahmin) the Pada should be calculated on the basis of stronger sign and stronger planet.
अथाऽहं पदमाश्रित्य फलं किञ्चिद् बुवे द्विज ! ।
पदादेकादशे स्थाने ग्रहैर्युक्तेऽथवेक्षिते ॥ ८ ॥
धनवान् जायते बालस्तथा सुखसमन्वितः ।
शुभयोगात् सुमार्गेण धनाप्तिः पापतोऽन्यथा ॥ ९ ॥
मिश्रैर्मिश्रं फलं ज्ञेयं स्वोच्चमित्रादिगेहगैः ।
बहुधा जायते लाभो बहुधा च सुखागमः ॥ १० ॥
पदाल्लाभगृहं यस्य पश्यन्ति सकला ग्रहाः ।
राजा वा राजतुल्यो वा स जातो नात्र संशयः ॥ ११ ॥
8-11. PADA AND FINANCE: O Brahmin, nowl tell you of some effects based on the Padas. If in the 11th House from the Ascendant Pada is situated some planet or he has the aspect of planets, the native will be happy and rich. Wealth will come througth Virtuous means if the combination is with a benefic; and it will be obtained through questionable means in case the combination is with a malefic. If the combination is formed by both a benefic and a malefic, then it (wealth) will come througth both means. If the planet is in his exaltation sign or in a friend's, sign etc, then the native gets much gains and happiness. If there is the aspect of all the planets on the 11th House from the Pada, then the native will be either a King or equal to a King there is no doubt about it.
पदाल्लाभगृहं पश्येद् व्ययं कश्चिन्न पश्यति ।
अविघ्नेन सदा लाभो जायते द्विजसत्तम! ॥ १२ ॥
- O excellent of the Brahmins, uninterrupted gains will, always be obtained by the native if the 11th House from the Pada is aspected by all planets and the 12th House from it remains unaspected.
ग्रहदृग्योगबाहुल्ये पदादेकादशे द्विज! |
सार्गले चापि तत्रापि बह्वर्गलसमागमे ॥ १३ ॥
शुभग्रहार्गले विप्र ! तत्राऽप्युच्चग्रहार्गले ।
शुभेन स्वामिना दृष्टे लग्नभाग्यादिगेन वा ॥ १४ ॥
जातस्य भाग्यप्राबल्यं निर्दिशेदुत्तरोत्तरम् ।
उक्तयोगेषु चेत् खेटो द्वादशं नैव पश्यति ॥ १५ ॥
13-15. The increase of fortunes of the native is to be predicted in the ascending order, O Brahmin, if in the 11th House from the pada there is the multiplicity of the combination of planets and aspects, if there is the combination of Argala and in that also of many argalas in it, if the Argala is caused by a benefic, if that benefic is exalted, if the 11th House is aspected by its benefic planet and in that also if it is aspected by the benefic lords placed in the benefic Ascendant and the benefic Ninth House, provided that in the above mentioned combinations no planet aspects the 12th House.
पदस्थानाद् व्यये विप्र ! शुभपापयुतेक्षिते ।
व्ययबाहुल्यमित्येवं विशेषोपार्जनात् सदा ॥ १६ ॥
शुभग्रहे सुमार्गेण कुमार्गात् पापखेचरे ।
मिश्रे मिश्रफलं वाच्यमेवं लाभोऽपि लाभगे ॥ १७ ॥
16-17. O Brahmin, if the 12th House from the Lagna Pada receives the aspect of the benefics and the malefics, there will be abundant earnings but plenty of expenses as well. In the case of benefics gains of wealth will be through fair means while in that of malefics through foul ones and in that of mixed planets through both Fair and foul means. The same gains of wealth will occur in case of these aspects on the House of gains (the 11th House).
पदारूढाद् व्यये शुक्रभानु-स्वर्भानुभिर्युते ।
राजमूलाद् व्ययो वाच्यश्चन्द्रदृष्ट्या विशेषतः ॥ १८ ॥
- If from the Lagna pada in the 12th House there are together Venus, the Sun and Rahu, it should be predicted that expenses will occur through the King. There will be more such expenses if there is the aspect of the Moon also on it.
पदारूढाद् व्यये सौम्ये शुभखेटयुतेक्षिते ।
ज्ञातिमध्ये व्ययो नित्यं पापदृक् कलहाद् व्ययः ॥ १९ ॥
- If in the 12th House from the Lagna Pada is placed Mercury and if he is in conjunction with or is aspected by a benefic, then there will be expenses throngh the relatives of the mother. If Mercury is aspected by a malefic planet then expenses will be caused through disputes etc.
पदाद् व्यये सुराचार्ये वीक्षिते चान्यखेचरैः ।
करमूलाद् व्ययो वांच्यः स्वस्यैव द्विजसत्तम ! ॥ २० ॥
- O excellent of the Brahmins, if in the 12th House from the Lagna Pada there is placed Jupiter and he is aspected by other planets expenses will be through taxes and also with respect to self.
आरूढाद् द्वादशे सौरे घरापुत्रेण संयुते ।
अन्यग्रहेक्षिते वित्र ! भ्रातृवर्गाद् धनव्ययः ॥ २१ ॥
- O Brahmin, if in the 12th House from the Lagna-Pada are placed together Saturn and Mars and they are aspected by others, then expenses will occur through one's brothers.
आरूढाद् द्वादशे स्थाने ये योगा: कथिता यथा ।
लाभभावे च ते योगा लाभयोगकरास्तथा ॥ २२ ॥
- GAINFUL SOURCES: All the combinations that have been spoken of as expenses causing in the case of the 12th House from the Lagna Pada, are gains or wealth-causing combinations in the case of the 11th House from the lagna pada in a similar way.
आरूढात् सप्तमे राहुरथवा संस्थितः शिखी ।
कुक्षिव्यथायुतो बाल: शिखिना पीडितोऽथ वा ॥ २३ ॥
- THE SEVENTH HOUSE FROM PADA: If in the 7th House from the Lagna Pada is situated either Rahu or Ketu, the native will be troubled by the disorders of the stomach or by fire.
आरूढात् सप्तमे केतुः पापखेटयुतेक्षितः ।
साहसी श्वेतकेशी वृद्धलिङ्गी भवेन्नरः ॥ २४ ॥
- If in the 7th House from the Lagna Pada is placed Ketu and he is in conjunction with or is aspected by malefics, the native will be adventurous, will have (prematurely) grey hair and signs of Wold age.
पदात्तु सप्तमे स्थाने गुरु-शुक्र-निशाकरा: ।
त्रयो द्वयमथैकोऽपि लक्ष्मीवान् जायते जनः ॥ २५ ॥
- If in the 7th House from the Lagna Pada there are Jupiter, Venus and the Moon, these three together or two or even one of them, the native will be very wealthy.
स्वतुङ्गे सप्तमे खेटः शुभो वाऽप्यशुभः पदात् ।
श्रीमान् सोऽपि भवेन्नूनं सत्कीर्तिसहितो द्विज! ॥ २६ ॥
- If in the 7th House from the Lagna Pada there is an exalted benefic or malefic, the native will be blessed with affluence and great name and fame.
ये योगा: सप्तमे सप्तमे स्थाने पदाश्च कथिता मया ।
चिन्त्यास्तथैव ते योगा द्वितीयेऽपि सदा द्विज ! ॥ २७ ॥
- O Brahmin, the effects of the combinations in the 7th House from the Lagna Pada said by me should be considered similarly in the case of their occurrence in the 2nd House. from it (the Lagna Pada).
उच्चस्थो रौहिणेयो वा जीवो वा शुक्र एव वा ।
एको बली धनगतः श्रियं दिशति देहिनः ॥ २८ ॥
- If in the 2nd House from the Lagna Pada there is any one of exalted Mercury, Jupiter or Venus and even one of them is endowed with strength in this House, the combination indicates the richness of the mortal (the man ).
ये योगाश्च पदे लग्ने यथावद् गदिता मया ।
ते योगा: कारकांशेऽपि विज्ञेया बाधवर्जिताः ॥ २९ ॥
- The Combinations spoken of by me with reference to Lagna Pada should be similarly considered with reference to Karakamsha also.
आरूढाद् वित्तभे सौम्ये सर्वदेशाधिपो भवेत् ।
सर्वज्ञो यदि वा स स्यात् कविर्वादी च भार्गवे ॥ ३० ॥
आरूढात् केन्द्रकोणेषु स्थिते दारपदे द्विज ! ।
लग्नजायापदे वापि सबलग्रहसंयुते ॥ ३१ ॥
श्रीमांश्च जायते नूनं देशे विख्यातिमान् भवेत् ।
षष्ठेष्टमे व्ययस्थाने जातो दारपदेऽधनः ॥ ३२ ॥
पदे तत्सप्तमे वापि केन्द्रे वृद्धौ त्रिकोणके ।
सुवीर्यः संस्थितः खेटः भार्याभर्तृसुखप्रदः ॥ ३३ ॥
पदाद्दारपदे चैवं केन्द्रे कोणे च संस्थिते ।
द्वयोमैत्री भवेन्नूनं त्रिके वैरं न संशयः ॥ ३४ ॥
एवं लग्नपदाद विप्र ! तनयादिपदे स्थिते ।
मित्राऽमित्रे विजानीयाल्लाभालाभो विचक्षणः ॥ ३५ ॥
लग्नदारपदे विप्र ! मिथः केन्द्रगते यदि ।
त्रिलाभयोस्त्रिकोणे वा तथा राजा धराधिपः ॥ ३६ ॥
एवं लग्नपदादेव धनादिपदतो द्विज! ।
स्थानद्वयं समालोक्य जातकस्य फलं वदेत् ॥ ३७ ॥
30-37. If there is Mercury in the 2nd House from the Lagna Pada, the native will be the lord over his whole country. If Venus is there he will be a poet or an orator. O Brahmin, if the Dara Pada (the Pada of the 7th House) is there in an angle or trine from the Lagna Pada or if the Lagna Pada and the Dara Pada are occupied by strong planets, the native will certainly be very wealthy and famous in his country. If the Dara Pada is in the 6,8,12 Houses from the Lagna Pada, the native will be poor.
If from the Lagna Pada or from the 7th therefrom in an angle or a trine or an Upachaya there is placed a very strong planet, there will be happiness between the husband and the wife. If the 7th Pada from the Lagna Pada is in an angle or a trine there will be great amity between the couple, if it is in a trika House (6-8-12 House) there will be enmity between them, there is no doubt about it. O Vipra, similarly if the Putra Pada (the Pada of the 5th House) etc from the Lagna Pada are in the above Houses, from these combinations also should be studied friendship or enmity, gains or losses of the son etc. O Brahmin, if the Lagna Pada and the Dara Pada both are together in an angle or a trine or in the 3rd, 11th House, the native will be a king ruling the earth. And O Brahmin, similarly, it is from the Lagna Pada that Dhana Pada etc. both the places or Houses are to be well studied and it is then that the effects of the native's horoscope are to be predicted.
Show the full passage — 19 verses
अथोपपदमाश्रित्य कथयामि फलं द्विज! |
यच्छुभत्वे भवेन्नृणां पुत्रदारादिजं सुखम् ॥ १ ॥
तनुभावपदं विप्र ! प्रधानं पदमुच्यते ।
तनोरनुचराद्यत् स्यादुपारूढं तदुच्यते ॥ २ ॥
तदेवोपपदं नाम तथा गौणपदं स्मृतम् ।
शुभखेटगृहे तस्मिन् शुभग्रहयुतेक्षिते ॥ ३ ॥
पुत्रदारसुखं पूर्णं जायते द्विजसत्तम! ।
पापग्रहयुते तत्र पापभे पापवीक्षिते ॥ ४ ॥
प्रव्राजको भवेज्जातो दारहीनोऽथ वा नरः ।
शुभदृग्योगतो नैव योगोऽयं दारनाशकः ॥ ५ ॥
रविर्नैवात्र पाप: स्यात् स्वोच्चमित्रस्वभस्थितः ।
नीचशत्रुगृहस्थश्चेत्तदाऽसौ पाप एवं हि ॥ ६ ॥
1-6.0 Brahmin, now I tell you of the effects based on the Upa Pada the auspiciousness of which confers on the native the happiness from his wife, son etc. O Vipra, the Pada of the Lagna or the Ascendant is the principal Pada and the Pada following it (the Pada of the 2nd House) is called uparudha or UPA PADA. It is this Pada that bears the name of Upa Pada and is also referred to as Gauna Pada, O excellent of the Brahmins if it (the Upa Pada) is occupied by or aspected by benefics, the combination gives the native the full happiness from his wife and sons. If there (in the Upa Pada) is the conjunction of or the aspect of the malefics, the native becomes an ascetic, a mendicant or goes without a wife; but if it (the Upa Pada) receives the aspect of benefics, the combination is not the destroyer of the native's wife. In the Upa Pada, the Sun, if he is in his exaltation sign or in his friend's sign doesnot become a malefic, but he does become a malefic if he falls in his debilitation sign or in an enemy's sign.
एवं रिःफगृहांद भवेद् उपपदं तत्रैव सौम्ये तदा ।
तज्जाया हि सुरूपिणी गुणवती सा स्याच्चिरं जीविनी ॥
(अध्याय ४२ श्लोक ३८-४०)
That is, the Upa Pada is to be known from the House falling 12th from the House in question. If this Upa Pada is occupied by a benefic the native's wife will be beautiful, will have good qualities and will be long lived. Some ancient commentators have written "सप्तमात्पदमुपपदं" and have taken the Saptam pada or the House of the wife as the Upa Pada. Others read it as "पितृ अनुचरात (Pitri Anucharat) and get the numeral 26011. Dividing it by 12, We get 7 as the remainder. The Upa pada will be the pada or Arudha of the 7th House from the Ascendant.
But the view of Neela Kanta is as follows "Pitranucharat" which means 2nd from the Ascendant. If the Ascendant is an even sign then the 2nd house is actually the 12th counted clockwise. Here "Anu" means following. For an Ascendant which is an odd sign "anu" means behind and it is the 12th House.
In our view the House of the Upa Pada should be the 12th House. Therefore, Upa Pada we have to take from the Lord of the 12th from the Ascendant. And count again the number of signs from the position of its Lord and the sign which falls in that number will be Upa Pada.
Suppose the 12th Lord occupies the 5th House, then counting from the 12th House to the 5th House we get 6. Now 6 Houses ahead from the 5th House, that is the 10th House will be the Upa Pada.
शुभग्रहाणां दृष्टिश्चेदुपारूढाद् द्वितीयके ।
शुभर्क्षे शुभयुक्ते च पूर्वोक्तं हि फलं स्मृतम् ॥ ७ ॥
उपारूढाद् द्वितीयं च नीचशे नीचखेटयुक् ।
क्रूरग्रहसमायुक्तं जातको दारहा भवेत् ॥ ८ ॥
स्वोच्चांशे स्वोच्चसंस्थे वा तुङ्गद्वष्टिवशात् तथा ।
भवन्ति बहवो दारा रूपलक्षणसंयुताः ॥ ९ ॥
उपारूढे द्वितीये वा मिथुने संस्थिते सति ।
तत्र जातनरो विप्र ! बहुदारयुतो भवेत् ॥ १० ॥
उपारूढे द्वितीयेऽपि स्वस्वामिग्रहसंयुते ।
स्वर्क्षगे तत्पतौ वापि यत्र कुत्रापि कुत्रापि भूसुर ॥ ११ ॥
यस्य जन्मनि योगोऽयं स नरो द्विजसत्तम! ।
उत्तरायुषि निर्दारो भवत्येव न संशयः ॥ १२ ॥
7-12. If the 2nd House from the Upa Pada has the aspect of benefics or is a benefic sign or has the situation of a benefic, the effects are to be understood as mentioned earlier (in sloka no. 6 of this very chapter) that is happiness from the native's wife and son. And if in the 2nd House from the Upa Pada there is a debilitated planet, or a planet situated in a debilitated Navamsha or a malefic planet, then the native will be the destroyer of his wife. And if there is in it a planet situated in an exalted Navamsha, or situated in his exaltation sign or if it is aspected by an exalted benefic then the native will get many charming and virtuous wives, or if there is the sign of Gemini in the Upa Pada or in the 2nd House from the Upa Pada, O Brahmin then also the native will be blessed with many wives. If in the Upa Pada or in the 2nd House from the Upa Pada there is its Lord or if its Lord is somewhere in his own sign, then O Bhusur (excellent Brahmin) the native whose horoscope has this combination will have his wife's death in an advanced age, there can be no doubt in it.
स्वराशौ संस्थितेऽप्येवं नित्याख्ये दारकारके ।
उत्तरायुषि निर्दारो भवत्येव न संशयः ॥ १३ ॥
उपरूढपति: स्वोच्चे स्थिरस्त्रीकारकोऽथ वा ।
सुकुलाद् दारलाभ: स्यानीचस्थे तु विपर्ययात् ॥ १४ ॥
उपारूढे द्वितीये वा शुभसम्बन्धतो द्विज! ।
जातस्य सुन्दरी भार्या भव्या रुपगुणान्विता ॥ १५ ॥
13-15. WIFE FROM THE SECOND OR UPA PADA. Even when the planets that are constant signifcators of wife occupy their own signs, there is no doubt in it that the native will be devoid of his wife in the latter half of his life. If the Lord of the Upa Pada or Upa Rudha or the constant significators of wife is in his exaltation sign the native will have a wife from a noble family and if he is in his debilitation sign the case will be the reverse, that is he will get a wife from a dishonurable family, there can be no doubt about it. And O Brahmin, if there is the conjunction of benefics in the Upa Pada or in the 2nd House from the Upa Pada, the native's wife will be endowed with beauty and virtues.
उपारुढाद् द्वितीये च शनिराहू स्थितौ यदि ॥
अपवादात् स्त्रियस्त्यागो नाशो वा जायते द्विज ! ॥ १६ ॥
- If Saturn and Rahu are in the 2nd from Upa Pada, the native will give up his wife either due to calumny or she will be destroyed (by death).
उपारूढे द्वितीये वा शिखिशुक्रौ यदा स्थितौ ।
रक्तप्रदररोगार्ता जायते तस्य भामिनी ॥ १७ ॥
- If in the Upa Pada or in the 2nd House from the Upa Pada there are Venus and Ketu, the native's wife is troubled by bleeding and Leucorrhea.
बुध-केतू स्थितौ तत्र तदाऽस्थिस्त्रावसंयुता ।
तंत्रस्था: शनिराह्वर्कास्तदाऽस्थिज्वरसंयुता ॥ १८ ॥
- If there are Mercury and Ketu the combination will cause. breakage of bones, and if Rahu, Saturn and the Sun it will cause bone fever.
स्थूलाङ्गी बुधराहूभ्यां तत्रस्थाभ्यां द्विजोत्तम ! ।
बुधक्षेत्रे कुजार्की चेन्नासिकारोगसंयुता ॥ १९ ॥
कुज क्षेत्रे ऽप्येवमेव फलं ज्ञेयं द्विजोत्तम ! ।
बृहस्पतिशनी तत्र कर्णनेत्ररुजान्विता ॥ २० ॥
तत्रान्यगेहगौ विप्र ! बुद्धभौमौ स्थितौ यदा ।
यदा स्वर्भानु-देवेज्यौ भार्या दन्तरूजान्वितां ॥ २१ ॥
शनिराहू शनिक्षेत्रे पङ्गर्वातजान्विता ।
शुभद्वग्योगतो नेति फलं ज्ञेयं विपश्चिता ॥ २२ ॥
19-22. O excellent of the Brahmins, the situation there (in the 2nd House from Upa Pada) of Mercury and Rahu will give the native stout bodied wife. If in the signs of Mercury (Gemini and Virgo) there are the Sun and Mars the wife will suffer from nasal disorders. And O excellent of the Brahmins, the same effects should be known if they are in the signs of Mars (Aries and Scorpio). If there are Jupiter and Saturn she will be troubled by the disorders of ears, eyes. If, O Vipra there are Mars and Mercury in other than own signs or if Rahu with Jupiter be there the wife will suffer from dental disorders. And if in the 2nd House from the Upa Pada there are Saturn and Rahu in the signs of Saturn (Capricorn and Aquarius) he will be troubled by windy disorders or by lameness. If there is the conjunction of or aspect of benefics in these malefic combinations, the above mentioned evil effects will not come to pass.
लग्नात् पदादुपारूढाद् यो राशि: सप्तमो द्विज! ।
तस्मात् तत्स्वामिनः खेटात् तदंशाच्च द्विजोत्तम ! ॥ २३ ॥
एवमेव फलं ज्ञेयमित्याहुर्नारदादयः ।
Verse 23½23-23 1/2. O Brahmin, the same effects are to be known from the sign which falls 7th from the Lagna, the Pada and the Upa Pada, from its lord and also from its Navamsha, it has been said by the Sages Narada etc.
उक्तेभ्यो नवमे विप्र ! शनिचन्द्रबुधा यदि ॥ २४ ॥
अपुत्रता तथाऽर्केज्यराहुभिर्बहुपुत्रता ।
चन्द्रेणैकसुतस्तत्र मिश्रौः पुत्रो विलम्बतः ॥ २५ ॥
रवीज्यराहुयोगेन पुत्रो वीर्यप्रतापवान् ।
प्रचण्डविजयी विप्र ! रिपुनिग्रहकारकः ॥ २६ ॥
उक्तस्थाने कुजार्किभ्यां पुत्रहीनः प्रजायते ।
दत्तपुत्रयुतो वापि सहोत्यसुतवान् भवेत् ॥ २७ ॥
तंत्रस्थे विषमे राशौ बहुपुत्रयुतो नरः ।
स्वल्पापत्यः समे राशौ जायते द्विजसत्तम ! ॥ २८ ॥
24-28. ABOUT SONS: O Vipra, if from the above mentioned House (from the Lagna Pada and the Upa Pada) in the 9th House there are Saturn, the Moon and Mercury, the native will get no son at all and in case the Sun, Rahu and Jupiter be there he will have many sons. If the Moon be there he will get one son and if there be the mixture of planets the son's obtainment will be delayed. But the son who is born due to the conjunction there of the Sun, Jupiter and Rahu will be strong, valorous a great conqueror and, O Vipra, the destroyer of his enemies. And if in the 9th House from the Lagna Pada or the Upa Pada there are Mars and Saturn the native will get no son or he will have an adopted son or he will adopt his brother's son. If there is an odd sign, the combination will yield many sons, and in case there be an even sign it will yield a few sons.
सिंहे चोपपदे विप्र ! निशानाथयुतेक्षिते ।
अल्पप्रजोऽथ कन्यायां जातः कन्याप्रजो भवेत् ॥ २९ ॥
सुतभावनवांशाच्च स्थिरसन्ततिकारकात् ।
एवं त्रिंशांशकुण्डल्यामपि योगं विचिन्तयेत् ॥ ३० ॥
29-30. MANY SONS AND MANY DAUGHTERS: O Brahmin, if there is the sign Leo in the Upa Pada and if it is aspected by the Moon or if the Moon be there, the native will get a few issues and if the sign Virgo is there he will have many daughters.
शनिराहू त्रिलाभस्यौ पदाद् भ्रातृर्विनाशकौ ।
ज्येष्ठस्यैकादशे तत्र कनिष्ठस्य तृतीयके ॥ ३१ ॥
- BROTHERS FROM LAGNA PADA: If in the 3rd/11th House from the Lagna Pada there are Saturn and Rahu they are destroyer of brothers, in the 11th elder brother's and in the 3rd younger brother's.
दैतेज्ये तत्र गर्भस्य नाशो व्यवहितस्य च ।
लग्ने वापि पदे रन्ध्रे दैत्याचार्ययुतेक्षिते ॥ ३२ ॥
- BROTHERS FROM LAGNA PADA. If in the 3rd/11th from the Lagna Pada there is Venus, then there would be abortion to the mother earlier. The situation or aspect of Venus in the 8th House from the Ascendant or the Ascendant Pada will also give the same effect.
तथैव फलमित्याहुर्निर्विशकं मुनीश्चराः ! ।
तृतीयलाभयोर्विप्र! चन्द्रेज्यबुधमङ्गलाः ॥ ३३ ॥
बहवो भ्रातरस्तस्य बलवन्तः प्रतापिनः ।
शन्यारसंयुते दृष्टे तृतीयैकादशे द्विज! ॥ ३४ ॥
कनिष्ठज्येष्ठयोर्नाशो विज्ञेयो द्विजसत्तम! |
शनिरेको यदा विप्र ! लाभगो वा तृतीयगः ॥ ३५ ॥
तदा स्वमात्रशेष: स्यादन्ये नश्यन्ति सोदरा: ।
तृतीये लाभगे केतौ बहुलं भगिनीसुखम् ॥ ३६ ॥
33-36. O Brahmin, these effects will be there as they have been stated by the Sages, there can be doubt in it. If in the third or the 11th House from the Lagna Pada there is the Moon, Jupiter, Mercury and Mars, the native will have many valorous brothers. And should in these houses be placed, O Brahmin, Saturn and Mars or they lend aspect there to, younger and elder brother will respectively be destroyed. O Vipra, if in the 11th or 3rd House from the Lagna Pada, Saturn is alone, then the native only will remain alive, the other brothers will be destroyed: Should there be in the 3rd or the 11th House from the Lagna Pada, only Ketu, then the native will have abundant happiness from his sisters.
आरूढात् षष्ठभावस्थे पापाख्ये शुभवर्जिते ।
शुभसम्बन्धरहिते चौरो भवति जातकः ॥३७ ॥
- If in the 6th House from the Lagna Pada there is a malefic and if it doesnot have the aspect or conjunction of a benefic, the native will be a thief.
सप्तमे द्वादशे स्थाने सैहिकेययुतेक्षिते ।
ज्ञानवांश्च भवेद् बालो बहुभाग्ययुतो द्विज ! ॥ ३८ ॥
- If there is Rahu in the 7th or 12th House from the Lagna Pada or if these Houses are aspected by Rahu, the native will be wise and learned and very fortunate.
आरूढे संस्थिते सौम्थे सर्वदेशाधिपो भवेत् ।
सर्वज्ञस्तत्र देवेज्ये, कविर्वादी च भार्गवे ॥ ३९ ॥
- Should there be Mercury in the Lagna Pada, the native will be the king of the whole country. If there is Jupiter in it he will have all knowledge and in case Venus be in it he will be a poet.
उपारूढात् पदाद् वापि धनस्थे शुभखेचरे ।
सर्वद्रव्याधिपो धीमाञ्जायते द्विजसतम ॥ ४० ॥
- O excellent Brahmin, if in the 2nd House from the Upa Pada or the Lagna Pada, there are benefics, the native will have all kinds of wealth and he will be intelligent.
उपारूढाद्धनाधीशे द्वितीयभवनस्थिते ।
पापखेचरसंयुक्ते चौरो भवति निश्चितम् ॥ ४१ ॥
- If in the 2nd House from the Upa Pada the 2nd Lord is in conjunction with the malefics the native will certainly be a thief.
तत्सप्तमगृहाधीशाद् राहौ धनगते द्विज! |
दंष्ट्रावान् जायते बाल: स्तब्धवाक् केतुखेचरे ॥ ४२ ॥
शनैश्चरे कुरूप: स्यात्सप्तमेशाद् द्वितीयगे ।
मिश्रग्रहसमायुक्ते फलं मिश्रं समादिशेत् ॥ ४३ ॥
42-43. O Brahmin, if Rahu is in the 2nd from the Lord of the 7th House counted from the Upa Pada the native will have long and projected teeth, if Ketu is so placed he will be dumb, if Saturn he will be ugly and if there be the combination of mixed planets then mixed effects should be told.
भगवन् ! याऽर्गला प्रोक्ता शुभदा भवताऽधुना ।
तामहं श्रोतुमिच्छामि सलक्षणफलां मुने ! ॥ १ ॥
- O God like, now I long to listen from you the conditions and effects of Argala, which was told by you as giver of auspicious effects.
मैत्रेय ! सार्गला नाम यया भावफलं दृढम् ।
स्थिरं खेटफलं च स्यात् साऽधुना कथ्यते मया ॥ २ ॥
चतुर्थे च धने लाभे ग्रहे ज्ञेया तदर्गला ।
तद्बाधकाः क्रमात् खेटा व्योमरिष्फतृतीयगाः ॥ ३ ॥
निर्बला न्यूनसंख्या वा बाधका नैव सम्मताः ।
तृतीये त्र्यधिका: पापा यत्र मैत्रेय ! बाधकाः ॥ ४ ॥
तत्रापि चार्गला ज्ञेया विपरीता द्विजोत्तम ! ।
तथापि खेटभावानां फलमर्गलितं विदुः ॥ ५ ॥
पञ्चमं चार्गलास्थानं नवमं तद्विरोधकृत् ।
तमोग्रहभवा सा च व्यत्ययाज् ज्ञायते द्विज ! ॥ ६ ॥
एकाग्रहा कनिष्ठा सा द्विग्रहा मध्यमा स्मृता ।
अर्गला द्वयधिककोत्पन्ना मुनिभिः कथितोत्तमा ॥ ७ ॥
राशितो ग्रहतश्चापि विज्ञेया द्विविधाऽर्गला।
निर्बाधका सुफलदा विफला च सबाधका ॥ ८ ॥
यत्र राशौ स्थितः खेटस्तस्य पाकान्तरं यदा ।
तस्मिन् काले फलं ज्ञेयं निर्विशंकं द्विजोत्तम ! ॥ ९ ॥
2-9. FORMATION OF ARGALA: O Maitreya, that by means of which are known the definite effects of the Houses and the Planets bears the name of Argala. It will be now explained by me. If a planet happens to be placed in the 4th, 2nd and 11th house (from the, house or the planet) it should be known as the Argala combination. The obstructors of these Argala combinations are respectively the 10th, the 12th and the 3rd houses (i.e. if the planets are respectively in these houses from the Argala houses then there will be no Argala combination). But if there are weak planets in these obstructing houses or their number is less (than the Argala forming combinations) then they no longer remain obstructors. O Maitreya, if in the 3rd house there are 3 or more than 3 malefic planets, then O excellent of the Brahmins that also is known as Vipreeta Argala. From this Argala also the effects of the planets and Houses are obtained without obstructions. And the 5th house also is the Argala house (from any house or planet) and the 9th house is its obstructor. O Brahmin, due to their ever retrograde motions, the shadowy planets, Rahu and Ketu, should be known as Argala places in reverse order. It is said by the Sages that Argala caused by one planet will yield limited effects, the one caused by two, medium ones, and the one caused by more than two excellent ones. Argala should be known in two ways, both from the planet and also from the House. The Argala having no obstructor will be giver of effects, that having obstructors will not confer any effect. O excellent of the Brahmins, the effects (of Argala) should be undoubtedly (and with certainty) known during that period which happens to be the Dasa or Antardasa period of that planet or sign which is endowed with Argala.
अर्गलां प्रतिबन्धञ्च प्रथमांघ्रिचतुर्थयोः ।
द्वित्र्यच्योश्रच मिथो विप्र ! चिन्तयेदिति मे मतम् ॥ १० ॥
- SPECIAL: The Argala caused by the situation of a planet in the Ist one fourth part of a sign and that caused by his situation in the second one fourth part are countered by the obstructor planet. O Brahmin, such is my opinion.
पदे लग्ने मदे वापि निराभासार्गला यदा।
तदा जातोऽतिविख्यातो बहुभाग्ययुतो भवेत् ॥ ११ ॥
यस्य पाप: शुभो वापि ग्रहस्तिष्ठेत् शुभार्गले ।
तेन द्रष्टेक्षितं लग्नं प्राबल्यायोपकल्प्यते ॥ १२ ॥
सार्गले च धने विप्र ! धनधान्यसमन्वितः ।
तृतीये सोदरादीनां सुखमुक्तं मनीषिभिः ॥ १३ ॥
चतुर्थे सार्गले गेहपशु-बन्धुकुलैर्युतः ।
पञ्चमे पुत्रपौत्रादिसंतो बुद्धिमान्नरः ॥ १४ ॥
षष्ठे रिपुभयं, कामे धनदारसुखं बहु ।
अष्टमें जायते कष्टं धर्मे भाग्योदयो भवेत् ॥ १५ ॥
दशमे राजसम्मानं लाभे लाभसमन्वितः ।
सार्गले च व्यये विप्र ! व्ययाधिक्यं प्रजायते ॥ १६ ॥
शुभग्रहालयां तु सौख्यं बहुविधं भवेत् ।
मध्यं पापार्गलायां च मिश्रायामपि चोत्तमम् ॥ १७ ॥
11-17 ARGALA EFFECTS: In case Argala is there in the Arudha pada, in the Ascendant and in the 7th without any obstruction, then the native will be very famous and fortunate. The aspect on the ascendant of a planet from whom there is a malefic or a benefic planet in the Argala house and there is also no obstructor also makes the native very fortunate, healthy and happy. O Brahmin, in the same way, if the second house is with Argala, the native will be endowed with wealth and grains, if the 3rd house happiness from coborn; if the 4th house with residences, quadrupeds and relatives; if the 5th house, sons, grandsons and intelligence: if the 6th house, fear from enemies, if the 7th house abundant happiness from wealth, from marital life; if the 8th house, troubles and hardships; if the 9th house, factor in the rise of fortunes; if the 10th house, royal honour; if the 11th house, gains and, if the 12th house is with Argala then, O Brahmin there will be much expenses. If the Argala is of the benefics it will confer various kinds of happiness; if of malefics middling happiness, and if of both benefics and malefics; mixed results.
लग्नपञ्चमभाग्येषु सार्गलेषु द्विजोत्तम ! ।
जातश्च जायते राजा भाग्यवान् नात्र संशयः ॥ १८ ॥
- O excellent of the Brahmins, should there be unobstructed Argala of the Ascendant, the 5th and the 9th houses, the native will doubtlessly become a king and be fortunate.
Practice
State the Pada calculation in your own words, and then the two exceptions.
Write your answer down before opening the explanation.
Show the answer and why
Answer: Count how many signs the house's lord is from the house; count that same number again from the lord; that sign is the Pada. Exceptions: the Pada can never be the house itself — use the 10th from it instead — and it can never be the 7th from the house — use the 4th from the original house instead.
The exceptions are not arbitrary tidiness. A Pada that lands back on the house it came from, or directly opposite it, carries no information — it says nothing the house did not already say. The rule redirects those two degenerate cases to positions that do. Getting the exceptions wrong is the single most common Pada error, and it happens because people learn the calculation and skip verses 4–5.
Source: BPHS 31.1–5
What is a Pada, conceptually? What does it add that the house itself does not?
Write your answer down before opening the explanation.
Show the answer and why
Answer: The visible, manifest reflection of the house — how the house's matters actually appear in the world, as opposed to what the house intrinsically is.
The word ārūḍha, used interchangeably with Pada in this chapter, carries the sense of something mounted or projected. The house is the reality; the Pada is the image of it that other people see and that circumstances present. A strong house with an afflicted Pada describes something real that does not show; the reverse describes an appearance better than the substance. That distinction has obvious practical uses in questions about reputation, wealth and marriage.
Source: BPHS 31.1–3
What is the Upapada, and which house is read from it?
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Show the answer and why
Answer: The Pada of the 2nd house. The principal reading is taken from the 2nd house from the Upapada.
Chapter 32 verse 6 onward is almost entirely about that second house from the Upapada — its occupants, its aspects, its lord. Benefics there indicate happiness from wife and children; malefics indicate difficulty, and verses 16 to 22 get quite specific about which malefic indicates what. The technique's power comes from being a second, independent route to a question that the 7th house also answers.
Source: BPHS 32.1–12
State the Argala positions and their obstructions.
Write your answer down before opening the explanation.
Show the answer and why
Answer: Argala is caused by planets in the 4th, 2nd and 11th from a house or planet. The obstruction comes from the 10th, 12th and 3rd respectively.
Notice the geometry: each obstructing position is the 7th from the corresponding Argala position. The 10th is the 7th from the 4th; the 12th is the 7th from the 2nd; the 3rd is the 7th from the 11th. That is not a coincidence and it is the easiest way to remember the pairs — the obstruction always looks straight back at the intervention. Learn them as three pairs, never as two separate lists.
Source: BPHS 33.2–9
Why is Argala usually taught badly, and what specifically gets lost?
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Show the answer and why
Answer: The obstruction gets dropped, so Argala is presented as a way of finding support that is never checked for whether the support actually arrives.
An Argala with a stronger obstruction in place is not a weak Argala — it is a blocked one. Reading only the formation gives you a list of interventions that may all be cancelled, which is worse than not using the technique. This is the same architecture you have now met three times: Chapter 11 cancelled by Chapter 12, Chapter 26's cells qualified by their own conditionals, and now Argala checked by its obstruction. When BPHS gives you a rule, find what cancels it before you use it.
Source: BPHS 33.2–10
Apply it to a chart
Chart C — Leonardo DiCaprio, the timing chart — Birth-certificate data and a well-dated public record — which is what makes timing work possible at all. · about 22 min
| Graha | Sign | House | Degree | Nakshatra | Condition |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sun | Libra | 2 | 25°09'44" | Vishakha 2 | debilitated |
| Moon | Virgo | 1 | 23°10'19" | Hasta 4 | neutral |
| Mars | Libra | 2 | 16°05'31" | Swati 3 | neutral |
| Mercury | Libra | 2 | 6°15'25" | Chitra 4 | neutral |
| Jupiter | Aquarius | 6 | 14°35'29" | Shatabhisha 3 | neutral |
| Venus | Libra | 2 | 26°23'27" | Vishakha 2 | own sign |
| Saturn | Gemini | 10 | 25°17'48" | Punarvasu 2 | neutral |
| Rahu | Scorpio | 3 | 17°46'00" | Jyeshtha 1 | not assigned in BPHS |
| Ketu | Taurus | 9 | 17°46'00" | Rohini 3 | not assigned in BPHS |
| Lagna | Virgo | 1 | 9°37'18" | Uttara Phalguni | lord Mercury |
Chart C for the Upapada work, because it is the chart with reliable enough data to support a degree-sensitive technique. Virgo rises; the 7th, Pisces, is picked out.
- Calculate the Pada of the Lagna in Chart C. The Lagna lord is Mercury; count how far Mercury is from the Lagna, then count that same distance again from Mercury. Check the two exception rules before accepting the answer.
- Now the Upapada: the Pada of the 2nd house. The 2nd is Libra, its lord Venus is in Libra itself. Apply the calculation — and notice which exception rule this triggers.
- Read the 2nd house from the Upapada. Which sign, what occupies it, what aspects it, and what is its lord's condition? By Chapter 32 this is the principal indicator for the marriage question.
- Compare that reading with the 7th house read directly. Do they agree? Where they differ, note it — do not resolve it. Week 13 will show you how to weigh a Upapada reading against a 7th-house reading.
- Argala on the 7th: which planets sit in the 2nd, 4th and 11th from it, and which sit in the 12th, 10th and 3rd? Write the Argala and its obstruction side by side, in two columns.
Check your understanding
Answer from memory first. Looking back at the reading before you try turns a memory test into a copying exercise.
Which house's Pada is the Upapada, and which is the Ārūḍha Lagna?
Write your answer down before opening the explanation.
Show the answer and why
Answer: The Upapada is the Pada of the 2nd house. The Ārūḍha Lagna is the Pada of the 1st.
Chapter 32 verse 1 names the Lagna's Pada as the principal Pada and the one following it as the Uparūḍha or Upapada. Both are used constantly in practice — the Ārūḍha Lagna for how a person is perceived, the Upapada for partnership.
Source: BPHS 32.1–6
Argala can be cast on a planet as well as on a house. Why does that matter?
Write your answer down before opening the explanation.
Show the answer and why
Answer: Because it lets you ask what is intervening in a particular planet's ability to act, not only in a house's affairs.
Verse 2 says Argala is what makes the effects of houses and planets definite. So you can ask what intervenes on the 7th house, and separately what intervenes on Venus. In a marriage question with a compromised Venus, those are two useful and different questions.
Source: BPHS 33.2
A client asks about the likely character of a marriage. Name three independent routes in BPHS and where each lives.
Write your answer down before opening the explanation.
Show the answer and why
Answer: The 7th house and its lord — Chapter 13 and Chapter 20. Venus as kāraka — Chapter 34. The Upapada and the 2nd from it — Chapter 32. And the Navāṁśa, from Chapter 7.
Four routes rather than three, and that redundancy is the point. Where they agree, confidence rises. Where they disagree, you have located something real about the question rather than an error in your method. Week 13's marriage set works exactly this way.
Chapter 32 verse 23 says the same effects can be read from the 7th from the Lagna, from the Pada, and from the Upapada — "it has been said by the Sages Nārada etc." What is that last clause doing?
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Show the answer and why
Answer: Attributing the extension to other authorities rather than stating it as Parashara's own.
Worth catching. BPHS occasionally names its sources, and where it does, the claim carries a slightly different weight from an unattributed one. It does not make the technique wrong — it makes it a technique Parashara is reporting rather than asserting. Noticing the difference is part of reading a compiled text well, and this is a small clean example of it.
Source: BPHS 32.23
What you carry forward
Two things grow across the whole course. This unit adds to both.
To your chart-analysis process
- **Step 4 (refined) — identify the relevant Bhāvas.** For marriage, include the Upapada and the 2nd house from it alongside the 7th. For any house under close examination, check its Argala and the obstruction to it.
To your field manual
- Pada (Ārūḍha): count the lord's distance from its house, then count that distance again from the lord. Exceptions: never the house itself (use the 10th from it) and never the 7th from it (use the 4th from the original).
- A Pada is the visible reflection of a house — how it appears, as against what it is.
- Ārūḍha Lagna = Pada of the 1st. Upapada = Pada of the 2nd.
- The Upapada reading is taken from the 2nd house FROM the Upapada — its occupants, aspects and lord.
- Argala: planets in the 4th, 2nd and 11th from a house or planet. Obstruction: the 10th, 12th and 3rd respectively — each the 7th from its Argala position.
- Never read an Argala without its obstruction.
- Marriage has four independent routes: 7th house and lord, Venus as kāraka, Upapada and the 2nd from it, and D9.
By now you should be able to
- Calculate a house's Pada, including the two exception cases
- Locate the Upapada and read the 2nd house from it
- State the Argala positions and their obstructions, and say why the pair must be learned together
- Say what these three techniques add that houses and lords alone do not